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Vision Transformers (ViTs) have evolved in the field of computer vision by transitioning traditional Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) into attention-based architectures. This architecture processes input images as sequences of patches. ViTs achieve enhanced performance in many tasks such as image classification and object detection due to their ability to capture global dependencies within input data. While their software implementations are widely adopted, deploying ViTs on hardware introduces several challenges. These include fault tolerance in the presence of hardware failures, real-time reliability, and high computational requirements. Permanent faults that are in processing elements, interconnections, or memory subsystems lead to incorrect computations and degrading system performance. This paper proposes a fault-tolerant hardware implementation of ViTs to overcome these challenges. This hardware implementation integrates real-time fault detection and recovery mechanisms. The architecture includes four primary units: patch embedding, encoder, decoder, and Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) which are supported by fault-tolerant components such as lightweight recompute units, a centralized Built-In Self-Test (BIST), and a learning-based decision-making system using machine learning model 'decision tree'. These units are interconnected through a centralized global buffer for efficient data transfer, ensuring seamless operation even under fault conditions. 

Abstract The coloration mechanism of Oregon sunstone is a classic and controversial topic in mineralogy because of the unique coexistence of anisotropic (green-red) and isotropic (red) color zones within single feldspar crystals. After nearly 50 years of research, no models proposed to date have satisfactorily accounted for all observed optical phenomena. Here, we present high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses of samples prepared by focused ion beam extraction along specific crystal directions. In both the anisotropic and the isotropic color zones, we observed Cu nanoparticles (NPs) included within plagioclase but with different geometries. In the isotropic (red) zone, NPs were randomly distributed nano-spheres or nano-ellipsoids (8.7–12 nm in diameter) with an aspect ratio of 1–1.3. In contrast, in dichroic (green/red) zones, NPs were directionally aligned nano-rods (8.5–21 nm along the long axis) with an aspect ratio of ∼2.5. We applied localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) theory to simulate absorption spectra and developed a model to explain the observed optical properties. LA-ICP-MS and polarized UV-Vis spectroscopy were also performed to confirm our conclusions. This study systematically reveals the existence and optical influence of variably shaped metal-NP inclusions in feldspar crystals. Furthermore, it demonstrates the necessity of including LSPR in the canon of mineral coloration mechanisms. Cu-NP-bearing labradorite has been shown to exhibit third-order nonlinear optical properties, and approaches that incorporate NP shapes and sizes will assist in designing NP-embedded optical materials with tailored optical properties. 

Substitutionally doped transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are essential for advancing TMD‐based field effect transistors, sensors, and quantum photonic devices. However, the impact of local dopant concentrations and dopant–dopant interactions on charge doping and defect formation within TMDs remains underexplored. Here, a breakthrough understanding of the influence of rhenium (Re) concentration is presented on charge doping and defect formation in MoS₂monolayers grown by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). It is shown that Re‐MoS₂films exhibit reduced sulfur‐site defects, consistent with prior reports. However, as the Re concentration approaches ⪆2 atom%, significant clustering of Re in the MoS₂is observed. Ab Initio calculations indicate that the transition from isolated Re atoms to Re clusters increases the ionization energy of Re dopants, thereby reducing Re‐doping efficacy. Using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, it is shown that Re dopant clustering creates defect states that trap photogenerated excitons within the MoS₂lattice, resulting in broad sub‐gap emission. These results provide critical insights into how the local concentration of metal dopants influences carrier density, defect formation, and exciton recombination in TMDs, offering a novel framework for designing future TMD‐based devices with improved electronic and photonic properties.